Stanley,
First, Welcome to the Mandolin Café! We're glad you're here. Second, understanding a fingerboard and how the notes lie on it will be an advantage to a new mando player coming form guitar rather than, clarinet, for example. The mandolin is tuned in fifths, G, D, A, E above middle C from low string to high respectively, just like a violin. There's plenty of theory out there. In fact we have a Theory Section devoted to it.
For a starter instrument, I would recommend a all solid wood or at least a solid topped mandolin. I would recommend the A style (pear shaped) rather than the F style (with all the points and curlicues. For about $250 you could get something like the Kentucky KM150S from one of our board sponsors and have it come to you well set up. You could get a Kentucky KM140S for about $150 (solid top only). If you are really on a tight budget you could consider the Rouge or Johnson all laminate mandolins (about $50-75) but be sure they come set up and you can return it if it won't stay in tune or the fingerboard isn't done right. Take a look at the Kentucky, and Johnson brands on the sponsor websites, figure out a budget then call them up and talk to them. Buy form the place you get the best feeling from.
Zouk's and Octave Mandolins (OM) are tuned similarly (often- but not always) and have longer stretches so the fingerings you would use on a mandolin may not always translate on a zouk or OM. Both are fun as well and have different voices than their smaller scaled family members.
If you have a nice vintage shop around you could look for an old Strad-o-lin but these are harder to find and may or may not need work to get you going.
Here is our Mandolin Café FAQ a good place to start reading.
The search function on our engine is a bit old and wonky but there are lots of older threads we can direct you to once you have a better idea where you want to go. It's best to put in fewer words with AND between them.
Whew! That's a lot to read already... Have fun.
Jamie
There are two things to aim at in life: first, to get what you want; and, after that, to enjoy it. Only the wisest of mankind achieve the second. Logan Pearsall Smith, 1865 - 1946
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